In reply to Jamie Wakeham:
Keith - it's version 2004 of Windows 10. Looks like the update that caused this was KB2267602. I still have KB 4561600 and KB4565627 pending.
TWS - as far as I can see this was just a dumb mistake. My machine has six SATA sockets to plug hard drives into, and when I built it I put a small drive into SATA1 to hold Windows, and a big drive into SATA2 for data. Then I upgraded it with a SSD (which has made things a lot quicker). But when I got this I plugged it into the easiest socket to get at, which was SATA6. As part of shifting the OS across you tell the PC that this is the new drive to look for the copy of Windows on.
The update has simply overwritten that instruction, so it went back to looking at the drive in SATA1, and there's no copy of Windows there any more! If I'm right, this is only going to mess people's machines up if they have bought a new drive to put their OS onto and not taken the time to shift the connections so it's plugged it into SATA1.
It's an easy fix. You'll know if this has happened because as soon as you start to boot he machine up you get an error telling you to insert a bootable disk. Usually what causes this is some sort of hardware failure, which took me down several false trails. But in this case you simply need to enter BIOS and look at the boot instructions. Somewhere in there will be a) a list of which places to look for booting - that should be pointing at the HDD rather than a CDROM or floppy drive. and b) there'll be a list of your HDDs - this is what got mixed up, and you need to tell it to look at your actual OS drive.